Sources for Rievaulx Abbey's History

This section sums up the main sources for our knowledge and understanding of Rievaulx Abbey, beginning with unpublished manuscripts and then listing the most important primary and secondary sources in print.

A cockerel on a piece of 14th-century stained glass found during excavations

A cockerel on a piece of 14th-century stained glass found during excavations

Primary sources

For the buildings and precinct layout of Rievaulx Abbey, the primary sources are the ruins themselves, the earthworks that surround them, and the 4,000 or more objects recovered by excavation and clearance in the 1920s.

English Heritage holds the entire archaeological archive at its Archaeology Store at Helmsley. The National Monuments Record holds a substantial collection of photographs taken throughout the conservation and repair of the site.

The primary evidence for the abbey’s estate is found in a late 12th century cartulary now held in the British Library: Cotton MS Julius Dii, published in an edited version with later charters by J C Atkinson in 1889 (see published sources below).

Papers relating to the suppression are principally owned by the duke of Rutland and are in the muniment room at Belvoir Castle: Belvoir, MS Misc 105 (1) is a rental list of abbey lands at Griff and Newlathes Granges and within the precinct, while Belvoir, MS Misc 105 (4) is a rental list of lands in Bilsdale and Raisdale of 1539.

Additionally there is, at Belvoir Castle, an inventory of the site probably dating to the spring of 1539 (uncatalogued, but included in Atkinson’s publication of the cartulary, together with the grant of the site to the earl of Rutland: TNA, Patent Roll 30 Henry VIII, pt 7, m 2, and the Ministers’ Accounts of Michaelmas 1539).

All these documents (apart from Belvoir, MS Misc 105 (4)) were republished by Coppack in 1986 or 1999 (see below). Belvoir, MS 105 (4) has been transcribed by Coppack and a copy is held with the Rievaulx archive at the Helmsley Archaeology Store.

John Chessell Buckler’s unpublished manuscript of Cistercian Abbeys and many associated original drawings are held by the British Library: the manuscript is in three volumes: British Library, London, MS 27, 763–5. Additional Rievaulx drawings are included in  British Library, London, Additional MS 36395 and Additional MS 36402.

This metal strip excavated at Rievaulx depicts a sprig of white bryony, a medicinal herb, and might have come from a medicine chest

This metal strip excavated at Rievaulx depicts a sprig of white bryony, a medicinal herb, and might have come from a medicine chest

Edited and printed primary sources

A number of primary sources are easily available in edited editions:

Atkinson, J C (ed) 1889. 'Chartularium Abbathiae de Rievalle', Surtees Society, 83

Connor, E (trans) 1990. 'The Mirror of Charity: Aelred of Rievaulx', Cistercian Fathers Series, 17, Kalamazoo

Dutton, M 1994. 'Walter Daniel: the Life of Aelred of Rievaulx', Cistercian Fathers Series, 57, Kalamazoo

Hoste, A and Talbot, C H (eds) 1971. 'Aelredi Rivallensis opera omnia', 'Corpus Christianorum continuatio mediaevalis', Turnhout

Powicke, F M (trans and ed) 1951. 'The Life of Ailred of Rievaulx by Walter Daniel', New York

Printed secondary sources

Baker, D 1989. ‘Ailred of Rievaulx and Walter Espec’, 'Haskins Society Journal: Studies in Medieval History', I, 91–8

Burton, J 1758. 'Monasticon Eboracense', N Nickson: York

Burton, J 1998. ‘The estates and economy of Rievaulx Abbey in Yorkshire’, 'Cȋteaux: commentarii cisterciences', 49, 29–94

Coppack, G 1986. ‘Some Descriptions of Rievaulx Abbey in 1538–9: the disposition of a major Cistercian precinct in the early sixteenth century’, Journal of the British Archaeological Association, 139, 46–87

Coppack, G 1994. ‘The outer courts of Fountains and Rievaulx Abbeys: the interface between estate and monastery’, in L Pressouyre (ed), 'L’Éspace cistercien', CTHS: Paris

Coppack, G and Fergusson, P 1994. 'Rievaulx Abbey', English Heritage: London

Coppack, G 1998. ‘Rievaulx Abbey’, in D Robinson (ed), 'The Cistercian Abbeys of Britain: Far from the Concourse of Men', Batsford: London 160–4

Coppack, G 1998. 'The White Monks: the Cistercians in Britain 1128–1540', Tempus: Stroud

Coppack, G 1999. ‘Appendix D: Suppression documents’, in P Fergusson and S Harrison (eds), 'Rievaulx Abbey: Community, Architecture, Memory', Yale University Press: New Haven and London, 226–37

Coppack, G 2002. ‘The planning of Cistercian monasteries in the later Middle Ages: the evidence from Fountains, Rievaulx, Sawley, and Rushen’, in J Clark (ed), 'The Religious Orders in Pre-Reformation England', Boydell: Woodbridge, 197–209

Coppack, G 2009. 'Fountains Abbey: the Cistercians in Northern England', Amberley: Stroud

Dunning, G C 1952. ‘A lead Ingot from Rievaulx Abbey’, Antiquaries Journal, 32, 53–63

Dunning, G C 1956. ‘Heraldic and decorated metalwork and other finds from Rievaulx Abbey’, 'Antiquaries Journal', 45, 53–63

Dutton, M 1990.  ‘The conversion and vocation of Aelred of Rievaulx’, in D Williams (ed), 'England in the Twelfth Century', Boydell: Woodbridge, 31–49

Fergusson, P 1970. ‘Early Cistercian churches in Yorkshire and the problem of the Cistercian crossing tower’, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 29, 211–21

Fergusson, P 1984. 'Architecture of Solitude: Cistercian Abbeys in Twelfth Century England', Princeton University Press: Princeton

Fergusson, P 1986.  ‘The twelfth-century refectories at Rievaulx and Byland Abbeys’ in C Norton and D Park (eds), 'Cistercian Art and Architecture in the British Isles', Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 160–89

Fergusson, P 1990. ‘Porta Patens Esto: notes on early Cistercian gatehouses in the north of England’, in E Fernie and P Crossley (eds), 'Medieval Architecture and its Intellectual Context: Studies in Honour of Peter Kidson', Hambledon Press: London, 47–60

Fergusson, P 1998. ‘Aelred’s abbatial residence at Rievaulx Abbey’, 'Studies in Cistercian Art and Architecture', V, 35–54

Fergusson, P and Harrison, S1994. ‘The Rievaulx Abbey Chapter House’, Antiquaries Journal, 74,  211–51

Fergusson, P, and Harrison, S 1999. 'Rievaulx Abbey: Community, Architecture, Memory', Yale University Press: New Haven and London

Fergusson, P, Coppack, G, and Harrison, S 2006. 'Rievaulx Abbey', English Heritage: London

Halsey, R 1986. ‘The earliest architecture of the Cistercians in England’, in C Norton and D Park (eds), 'Cistercian Art and Architecture in the British Isles', Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 65–86

Harrison, S 2009. ‘Jervaulx Abbey and Gisborough Priory: how a study of architectural fragments can inform our understanding of these lost buildings’, 'Novi Monasterii' (Jaarboek Abdijmuseum ‘Ten Duinen 1138’), 8, 73–92

Harvey, W 1921.  ‘Nave excavations: Rievaulx Abbey’, The Builder, 12 August 1921, 196–7

Harvey, W 1922.  ‘Rievaulx Abbey, Yorkshire’, The Builder, 10 November 1922, 703–06

Harvey, W.  ‘Rievaulx Abbey ruins; some details of masonry repair’, The Builder, 13 July 1923, 58–61

Hoey, L 1988. ‘The thirteenth-century choir and transepts of Rievaulx Abbey‘, 'Yorkshire Monasticism: British Archaeological Association Conference Transactions', Maney: Leeds, 97–117

Hope, W H St John 1894. ‘Rievaulx Abbey’, The Builder, 7 July 1894, 9–12

Hope, W H St John 1914. ‘Rievaulx Abbey’ in W Page (ed), 'Victoria History of the County of York III', Constable & Co: London

Hoste, A 1962. 'Bilbliotheca Aelrediana, Instrumenta Patristica: A Survey of the Manuscripts, Old Catalogues, Editions and Studies Concerning St Aelred of Rievaulx', Martinus Nijhoff: Den Haag

Johnson, D 1963. ‘Rievaulx Mill: a history trail’, Ryedale Historian, 15, 22–4

McDonnell, J (ed) 1963. 'A History of Helmsley, Rievaulx and District', William Sessions: York

Moorman, M (ed) 1980. 'The Journals of Dorothy Wordsworth', Oxford University Press: Oxford

Peers, C R 1921. ‘Two relic holders from altars in the nave of Rievaulx Abbey, Yorkshire’, 'Antiquaries Journal', 1, 271–82

Peers C R 1929. 'Rievaulx Abbey, North Yorkshire', HMSO: London

Peers,  C R 1929. ‘Rievaulx Abbey: the shrine in the Chapter House’, 'Archaeological Journal', 86, 20–28

Pevsner, N 1966. 'The Buildings of England: Yorkshire, North Riding', Penguin: London

Powicke, F M 1931. ‘Maurice of Rievaulx’, English Historical Review, 36, 17–25

Powicke, F M (ed and trans) 1922. 'The Life of Ailred of Rievaulx by Walter Daniel', Manchester University Press: Manchester 1922, reprinted New York, 1951

Richardson, W 1844. 'The Monastic Ruins of Yorkshire from drawings by William Richardson, architect, with historical descriptions by Edward Churton', 2 vols, R Sunter: York

Robinson, D (ed) 1998. 'The Cistercian Abbeys of Britain: Far from the Concourse of Men', Batsford: London

Rye, H A 1900. ‘Rievaulx Abbey: its canals and building stones’, Archaeological Journal, 57', 69–77

Scott, H 1993. 'Rievaulx Village: Tenants and Cottages 1538–1930', privately published: Helmsley

Sharpe, E 1848. 'Architectural Parallels; or the Progress of Ecclesiastical Architecture in England', John van Vorst: London

Whitaker, T D 1820.  'A Series of Views of the Abbeys and Castles in Yorkshire, Drawn and Engraved by W Westall ARA and F Mackenzie with Historical and Descriptive Accounts by Thomas Dunham Whitaker', London

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