A motte-and-bailey masterpiece

One of the most important early Norman castles, Berkhamsted controlled the northern approach to London, only 30 miles away.

Berkhamsted Castle around 1190. The south gateway of the castle led towards the town. The railway, built in 1838, has cut through the outer gate and earthwork defences. © English Heritage William the Conqueror received the submission of the English at Berkhamsted Castle after the Battle of Hastings. Around 1070, his half-brother, Robert of Mortain, built a timber castle. It was in the classic Norman motte-and-bailey form, with a defensive conical mound and oval bailey.

The castle stayed in royal hands, and in 1155 Thomas Becket was granted the honour of Berkhamsted by King Henry II. As chancellor, he was the king's right hand man and enjoyed great favour. He rebuilt the castle to befit his new status and house his large staff. Becket's buildings probably included the huge stone curtain wall. Later in 1164, during his quarrel with the king, Becket was accused of embezzlement. He was disgraced and the honour of Berkhamsted was removed.