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Overseas trade and an extensive commercial infrastructure made Britain in the 19th century the most powerful trading nation in the world. Its manufactures were sold on every continent through a vast network of free trade.
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An extraordinary number of innovations in the study, cultivation and display of plants were made during the Victorian period. At the same time there was an explosion of interest in gardening, which became a national obsession.
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Predominant at the start of the 19th century, by the end of the Victorian era the Church of England was increasingly only one part of a vibrant and often competitive religious culture. The period also saw the greatest burst of church building since the Middle Ages.
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Although the Victorian era was a period of extreme social inequality, industrialisation brought about rapid changes in everyday life that affected all classes. Family life, epitomised by the young Queen Victoria, Prince Albert and their nine children, was enthusiastically idealised.
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Introduction to Victorian England
Queen Victoria ruled Britain for over 60 years. During this long reign, the country acquired unprecedented power and wealth. Many of the intellectual and cultural achievements of this period are still with us today.
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In the Victorian period the growth of the railway network made it possible to transport food from the countryside to urban markets much more easily, greatly improving the quality of produce available there. But there was still no cure for most diseases, and life expectancy remained stubbornly low.
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Victorians: Power and Politics
Although England in the late 1830s was still ruled by a propertied upper class, there had long been a degree of social mobility. It was enough, at least, for Britain, unlike its continental neighbours, to ward off revolution.
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Victorian Britain was both the greatest power in the world and the least militarised, with a standing army far smaller and less influential in public life than those of France, Prussia, Austria or Russia. Its military shortcomings were starkly revealed by the disastrous Crimean War (1854–6) and Boer Wars (1880–81 and 1899–1902).
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The architectural profession is largely a Victorian creation. In the 18th century it was common for architects to act as developers and surveyors too, but by the 1820s such roles were being devolved, leaving architects free to experiment with a profusion of styles.