1066 and the Norman Conquest

The Weaponry of 1066

The Bayeux Tapestry gives us a keen insight into the weapons that were wielded in the Battle of Hastings. From the simple and affordable club to fine steel-bladed swords, we take a closer look at one of England’s most famous battles and the weapons used by the Normans and Saxons.

Scene from the Bayeux Tapestry with the central figure shown wielding a battle-axe
Scene from the Bayeux Tapestry showing an English soldier attacking a Norman with a battle-axe. (Detail of the official digital representation of the Bayeux Tapestry – 11th century)

The battle-axe

At the Battle of Hastings, the most fearsome Anglo-Saxon warriors were King Harold’s housecarls – the elite, highly trained infantry who formed the core of his army. These were among the finest soldiers in Europe.

Their favourite weapon was a mighty long-handed battle-axe, also called a ‘Danish axe’ because it had originated with the Vikings. Swung with two hands, the battle-axe was capable of cutting off the head of a man or horse. But it was also light and well-balanced enough to be used with one hand, while the other held a shield.

Four Norman archers depicted on the Bayeux Tapestry
Four Norman archers depicted on the Bayeux Tapestry. (Detail of the official digital representation of the Bayeux Tapestry – 11th century)

The bow

Many Norman archers are shown in the Bayeux Tapestry, and it’s estimated that there were over 1,000 of them in William’s army. They played an important part in the battle, especially after William ordered them to shoot high, firing their arrows onto the heads of the Saxons behind their shield wall.

Archers needed to move quickly, so they were lightly clothed and sometimes barefoot and bare-legged. Some are shown carrying their arrows in quivers attached to their belts, while others take theirs from bigger quivers placed on the ground.

Though none are shown in the tapestry, the Norman army also included crossbowmen. Crossbows, a relatively new kind of weapon in 1066, shot much more slowly than ordinary bows, but their bolts could penetrate right through shields.

Only one Anglo-Saxon archer is shown in the tapestry, symbolising that Harold’s army included very few bowmen. Archers were poor men, and it’s possible that they couldn’t afford horses to help them keep up with Harold’s rapid move to the battlefield.

The spear

Used by both sides at Hastings, the iron-headed spear was the poorer warriors’ weapon. It could be used for thrusting, or thrown like a javelin. In the Bayeux Tapestry, some Saxons are shown holding bundles of spears ready for throwing.

Want to know more? Watch our video and join archaeological ironworker Hector Cole MBE as he forges a spearhead from the 1066 era.

Norman soldiers approaching the English shield-wall brandishing lances
Norman soldiers approaching the English shield-wall brandishing lances. (Detail of the official digital representation of the Bayeux Tapestry – 11th century)

The lance

Most Norman knights carried long spears called lances. These could be tucked under the armpit like a later jousting lance, but are more often shown being held in the right hand and wielded overarm.

Knights used their lances to thrust through gaps in the Saxon shield-wall or spear fleeing enemies, and they could also be thrown.

Anglo-Saxon soldiers fighting on foot and forming a shield wall to fend off the Normans
Anglo-Saxon soldiers forming a shield wall to fend off the Normans. (Detail of the official digital representation of the Bayeux Tapestry – 11th century)

The shield

Several different shield shapes are shown on the Bayeux Tapestry. The long kite-shaped shield, typical of Norman knights but also carried by Norman foot soldiers, protected the whole body. It could be slung round the neck on a strap or carried on the left forearm when riding, leaving the left hand free for the reins. It also had hand grips to hold it when fighting on foot.

Some Saxons, especially the housecarls, also defended themselves with kite-shaped shields. But others used stronger and heavier round wooden shields. Both types could be interlocked together to form a ‘shield wall’ – literally a wall of shields held by soldiers standing close together.

Round shields had spiked metal bosses in the middle. This meant they could also be used as weapons, to injure an enemy or push him off-balance, making the shield a deadly weapon as well as a defensive instrument.

Scene from the Bayeux Tapestry showing a Norman knight attacking a Saxon soldier with his sword
Scene from the Bayeux Tapestry showing a Norman knight attacking a Saxon with his sword. (Detail of the official digital representation of the Bayeux Tapestry – 11th century)

The sword

Both Anglo-Saxons and Normans used swords at the Battle of Hastings. They were of simple design, with a cross-guard to protect the hand and a broad two-edged blade with a shallow point. But they varied greatly in quality, from the plain iron-bladed swords used by poorer warriors to the finely made steel-bladed weapons treasured by great men. These were passed down in families and many were given names – one Viking king’s sword was called ‘Legbiter’.

1066 swords were used more for slashing than for thrusting. A really good sword could cut through a shield or even armour, and in the Bayeux Tapestry a Norman knight is shown slicing off the head of a Saxon battle-axe with his sword.

Two Norman knights on horseback, depicted in the Bayeux Tapestry
Norman knights depicted on horseback. (Detail of the official digital representation of the Bayeux Tapestry – 11th century)

The knight

Knights – armoured warriors fighting on horseback with lance, sword and shield – were the Norman secret weapon at the Battle of Hastings. Nothing like them had been seen in England before. Although the Saxons rode to battle or on journeys, they always fought on foot.

There were between 1,000 and 2,000 knights in the Norman army, and it was these who mainly won William’s victory.

Norman knights were trained from childhood to fight on horseback. Known as ‘destriers’ and often stallions, their warhorses were bred to carry armoured men. These fierce horses also fought for themselves, biting opponents or lashing out with their hooves.

The 1066 Norman army included many groups of knights who were used to fighting side by side under the same leaders. So they stuck together when doing difficult things like pretending to flee, but then turning and cutting down their Saxon pursuers.

Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, wielding a mace, as depicted in the Bayeux Tapestry
Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, wielding a mace. (Detail of the official digital representation of the Bayeux Tapestry – 11th century)

The mace or club

Wooden clubs, perhaps studded with iron nails, were cheap weapons that everyone could afford.

But in the Bayeux Tapestry both William the Conqueror himself and his half-brother Odo of Bayeux are also shown carrying club-like maces, perhaps a badge of rank. Maces were used for hitting enemies over the head, and could also be thrown.


Details of the Bayeux Tapestry courtesy of the City of Bayeux, DRAC Normandie, University of Caen Normandie, CNRS, Ensicaen, Photos: 2017 – La Fabrique de patrimoines en Normandie.

More About 1066

  • Visit Battle Abbey

    From the drama of 1066 to the peace of a ruined abbey, there’s plenty for the whole family at Battle Abbey in East Sussex, the site of the 1066 Battle of Hastings.

  • 1066 and the Norman Conquest

    Find out much more about the Battle of Hastings and the events of 1066, and the huge impact that the Norman Conquest had on England.

  • WHAT HAPPENED AT THE BATTLE OF HASTINGS?

    At dawn on Saturday 14 October 1066, two great armies prepared to fight for the throne of England. Read what happened at the most famous battle in English history.